Tag Archives: stories

Turning the Pages of 2025: The Novels That Moved Us

By Carole Reedy—

“By writing a novel one performs a revolutionary act. A novel is an act of hope. It allows us to imagine that things may be other than they are.”

Those are the words of Hilary Mantel, who more than accomplished the above in her many books over the years. Mantel’s brilliant mind discerned more than what could be readily seen.

From the dozens of novels I read this year, several revealed a new perspective or a deeper emotion. The feelings evoked by these books spontaneously pop into my mind at various times, offering perspective and contemplation.

My Friends by Frederick Backman

I always considered Backman to be a writer of “easy reads,” an author who enchanted his readers with compelling characters and entertaining plots. My Friends, however, breaks this mold to awaken in the reader a deeper sense of the meaning and significance of friendship and beauty, the twin pillars that make life worth living.

A painting, a lifetime of friendship, and a series of problem years filled with conflicting emotions drive the plot and shape the structure of the novel. Backman is a master storyteller and character developer.

The Washington Post said it well: “Backman captures the messy essence of being human.”

What We Can Know by Ian McEwan

This is renowned writer Ian McEwan’s 18th novel. The New York Times called the book “the best thing McEwan has written in ages” and “entertainment of a high order.” I agree wholeheartedly.

The setting is 100 years from now, with continuing and not necessarily favorable references to the times in which we are living. McEwan refers to his book as “science fiction without the science.”

The storyline is compelling and entertaining despite McEwan’s discomfiting view of our future. Tucked between descriptions of the devastation of 100 years of climate change, wars, and general chaos and disruption of the planet is a delightful narrative of a young literary type who in 2119 is pursuing the location of a poem that was deliberately hidden more than 100 years previously.

The poem was written by a fictional esteemed literary figure of our current era. In addition, McEwan offers keen insights into this poet, his wife, their friends, and their lifestyles.

A formidable plot, complex characters, and sense of place drive the action. This novel has all the essentials required in a narrative about the future to create a novel I read almost nonstop!

You may also want to read these other gems by McEwan: Atonement, Saturday, Nutshell, and On Chesil Beach. All will satisfy your craving for fine writing and precision craftsmanship.

The True True Story of Raja the Gullible (and His Mother) by Rabin Alameddine

Each page of this simultaneously comic and tragic novel flows like ice beneath a skater’s blade. This despite the fact that Lebanon, where the action takes place, usually would not be described this way.

These characters experience rough times in Lebanon, a country that has undergone many tragic phases. But Alameddine entertains us as the main characters take us through the dark side of the country’s history as well as through his and his mother’s personal struggles, met with determination and even a dash of joy.

This book offers so much easy enjoyment, much like his novel An Unnecessary Woman.

The House on Via Gemita by Domenico Starnone

Do you recognize this Italian author’s name as someone who was thought to be the ghost writer of the successful Elena Ferrante novels, specifically the Neapolitan series? Starnone has denied it, being an illustrious author in his own rite. His equally famous wife, Anita Raja, a translator and library director, has also been “accused” of the deception.

In the end, Ferrante has been accepted as a pseudonym for another Italian author who believes that books, “once they are written, have no need of their author.”

Many avid readers have enjoyed Starnone’s witty novels, Ties and Trick. The House on Via Gemita presents a new, darker side of Starnone. Not light and humorous as Ties and Trick, this novel places a cantankerous artist front and center.

1960s Naples, Italy, is the place where a frustrated railway worker is convinced he is a great artist, his family suffering the consequences of the obsession. The trials of the family are detailed and vivid, Starnone’s best talent clearly at work. The novel deservedly was long-listed for the International Booker prize.

Many avid readers have enjoyed Starnone’s witty novels, Ties and Trick. The House on Via Gemita presents a new, darker side of Starnone. Not light and humorous as Ties and Trick, this novel places a cantankerous artist front and center.

The Uncommon Reader by Alan Bennett

Alan Bennett is, simply put, a gem. I am listing his short novel as a favorite because it truly illuminates the joy of reading.

British-born, raised and educated at Oxford, Bennet is exceedingly accomplished, with a rich stock of stories, plays, and films in his repertoire. When I want to feel good and laugh, I pick up one of his works.

The Uncommon Reader is a novel for the book-addicted. The uncommon reader of the title is the Queen of England, and Bennet takes us merrily through her introductory, and eventually continuing, passion for the written word.

Novelist/writer Jennifer Kloester’s review calls it “brilliant on many levels, but also a delicious, edible morsel of a novel. And wait until you read the ending.”

My Final Read of the Year: The Volcano Lover by Susan Sontag

At year’s end, I find myself thoroughly engaged in Susan Sontag’s radical novel of ideas, The Volcano Lover (1992), set largely in Naples Italy in the late 18th century. The gentle pace of her style in this unconventional historical narrative perfectly complements my year-end reflections. I will read it slowly through December in order to savor her luscious writing style.

Here’s to many provocative reading experiences in 2026!

Best Books of 2025: Short Stories and Series

By Carole Reedy

A book is a device to spark the imagination.
Allan Bennet

In terms of Bennet’s observation, I found this year of reading disappointingly lacking. Each new season we seek a great read, but what exactly are we looking for?

Novels are rich in character development, have an engaging plot with vivid descriptions of the ambiance of period or place, and possess a distinct writing style. Well executed, these characteristics allow the reader to emotionally connect with the author’s themes, leading to reflection long after the final word is read.

In light of my general dissatisfaction (though a few novels made it into my forthcoming column), I turned to some other genres: the short story for one, as well as essays and series. Here I found the literary satisfaction I was seeking.

Savory Series
One might think a series is merely a collection of novels, but for the reader gratification relies on continuing character development along with detailed, continuing stories of the characters’ lives that cannot be achieved in a single volume.

The following five series, which will take you around the world, provide all of the elements needed for a deeply satisfying season of reading.

The Shetland Island Mysteries by Anne Cleeves
This remote and modest part of the world provides more action and richly developed characters than you might expect. The isolation of the islands and their harsh weather and barren landscape all play roles in the psyche of the population as well as providing an eerie ambiance.

I’m guessing you’ll get hooked on the characters, beautifully crafted throughout the series. Cleeves has a style and method that is simply compelling. Readers of the series have even been inspired to put the Shetland Islands on their travel list.

Cleeves has two other series to enjoy: the Vera Stanhope and Matthew Venn series. All three of Cleeves’ series have been adapted for TV.

The Leaphorn, Chee, and Manuelito Novels by Anne Hillerman
We are fortunate that Anne Hillerman’s mother and friends encouraged her to continue writing her father’s Navajo tribal police series.

The revered writer Tony Hillerman (1925-2008) and his fictional Navajo Nation detectives Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee charmed mystery lovers in the 1970s, 80s,and 90s. Hillerman’s close field of vision of this Native American population contributed mightily to the popularity of the series. Through his deeply felt descriptions of Navajo culture, Hillerman brought us a new vision of the first Americans.

Anne Hillerman’s earnest effort to continue the series has been a wondrous surprise to fans. She has successfully added detective Bernadette Manuelito (Jim Chee’s wife) to the series, giving her room to be a forceful character in her own right. Manuelito’s relationship with her mother, sister, and Chee adds an exciting new element to the detective unit as well as to the personal lives of the old favorites.

The series re-creates the world of American native citizens of Arizona and New Mexico. The plot weaves in the age-old traditions and beliefs of the people of the southwest in a way that’s engaging and educational. The vivid imagery is so powerful it feels as though the dust might settle on your tongue.

The Sean Duffy Series by Adrian McKinty
McKinty’s hero arrives in the unlikely figure of Belfast Detective Sean Duffy, an independent thinker and rule breaker, not traits usually found in Ulster policemen.

But McKinty’s style is pure genius.

Even if you’re not personally connected to history’s violent political environment of Northern Ireland, the eerie atmosphere of the region and the affairs of the population will entrap you…and Sean Duffy will eventually charm you.

The Commissario Guido Brunetti Mysteries by Donna Leon
All 33 (so far) novels take place in the ethereal state of Venice, in the mysteriously diverse country of Italy, where detective Commissario Guido Brunetti leads a small group of police that attempts to solve myriad crimes in their district.

However, and this is key, the mysteries always entail more than simply a crime.

Leon gives us sharp glimpses into the social and practical aspects of daily Venetian life. Her characterizations, not only of the police and perpetrators but of Brunetti’s family, are brilliantly colorful in depth and intensity.

Societal and political issues and concerns of the city, as well as other parts of the country, lurk in the background of whatever crime the team is investigating. A few of the novels particularly impressed me with their richness of commentary on Venetian society and personal concerns: Willful Behavior, Friends in High Places, A Noble Radiance, and Uniform Justice.

The Ruth Galloway Novels by Elly Griffiths
It’s nearly impossible to write about favorite series without a shoutout to Elly Griffiths and her memorable archaeologist professor Dr Ruth Galloway, who analyzes buried bones found in Norwich.

Galloway inadvertently (or not) finds herself in the middle of various crime investigations when the bones her archeological students find are not centuries old, but newly emerged. And police investigations ensue.

The real joy in reading this series lies in Griffiths’ keen characterizations—of Dr Ruth Galloway, Detective Nelson, and the Druid Cathbad among others.

Satisfying Short Story Collections

Good and Evil and Other Stories by Samanta Schweblin, translated by Megan McDowell

Argentine writer Schweblin has already tasted success with her 2014 National Book Award-winning Seven Empty Houses. And now this, her latest, is receiving accolades from many sources, most importantly from the prolific Joyce Carol Oates in The New York Times Book Review.

Oates sums it up: “Beautifully translated by Megan McDowell, in prose that shimmers with a sort of menacing lyricism, the stories of ‘Good and Evil’ are powerfully evocative and unsettling. They seem to hover, indeed like fever dreams, between the reassuring familiarities of domestic life and the stark, unpredictable, visionary flights of the unconscious. Everything exists in a state of tension, charged with contradictions.”

Each story, though unique, possesses an unnerving surprise, never taking the expected path.

Dictation by Cynthia Ozick
Recommended by a fellow book club member, I immediately downloaded this quartet of stories. The mention of Henry James and Joseph Conrad as characters in the first story prompted my automatic interest.

Nonetheless, the stars of this short story are the women who take dictation from the masters. The finale is astonishing yet plausible. The other three stories, though without the notable characters of the first, are equally deserving of praise.

Part two of the Best Books of 2025 next month will offer a glimpse into the handful of novels I read in 2025 that satisfied my reading obsession.

Ghosts: From Manitoba and Mexico

By Randy Jackson

In Canada, back in the early 1980s, one could get a government grant to study French. Many college and university students, including me, did just that. I went to the University of Laval in Quebec City in the summer of 1982, a memorable summer of camaraderie amongst fellow students from across Canada.

The Haunted Manitoba Farmhouse

One evening, on the terrace of the Le Pub Universitaire, a brother and sister (students at the University of Manitoba) held a number of us spellbound with the story of their parents moving their family into a haunted farmhouse. They witnessed numerous poltergeist effects. which terrified them initially, but over time they came to see this ghost as more of a harmless trickster. This Manitoba farm family got to the point they liked having the ghost around. They told us the house would seem empty without it, and it kept unwanted relatives away.

Normally though, it’s the ghosts (not the relatives) that are unwanted. On that warm summer night in La belle province, the brother and sister from the haunted Manitoba farmhouse explained that ghosts were the trapped spirits of people who had died unexpectedly, or by suicide, and most often they died violently.

I now know this is a commonly held belief across virtually all civilizations of all time, from Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica, from early Chinese civilizations to Polynesia. It seems that no matter what the various beliefs different societies hold about the afterlife, ghosts represent an aberration from whatever afterlife system a culture holds. As Obi-Wan Kenobi is supposed to have said, “I sense a disturbance in the force, Luke.” Ghosts are spirits that are not supposed to be here.

The Malevolent Ghosts of Mesoamerica

In all the pre-conquest societies of Mesoamerica, the cosmos, creation, and the afterlife, were the domain of malevolent supernatural forces. Chicunamictlán was the nine-level Land of the Dead to the Aztecs (for most but not all the departed). Here the departed suffered a four-year journey of great pain and hardships to reach Mictlán, their final resting place. At Mictlán they were met by the god of death who received them with vengeance. The departed lived (and suffered) there until finally being extinguished altogether. Spirits of departed people (ghosts), you’d think, would want out of an afterlife like that. But to the Aztecs, ghosts were feared and unwelcome spirits of the underworld who brought only bad news or the foretelling of doom.

To the Aztecs, even women who died in childbirth were not benevolent. These spirits (known as Cihuātēteoh in Nahuatl) returned to earth on five specified days each year where they were thought to steal children, cause madness, and induce adultery in males (I wonder how many Aztec men used that as an explanation for their infidelity). The modern-day Mexican legend of La Llorona may have had its origin in this Aztec belief. La Llorona is thought to be the malicious spirit of a woman who murdered her children. To some, she is believed to be a siren, who lures men to their deaths, or she steals children to replace those she had murdered. Hardly the phantom door knob rattler of that Manitoba farmhouse.

Another sinister ghost-belief of the Aztecs was the origin of the modern day El Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, although to the Aztecs, it was not the respectful, upbeat celebration of one’s ancestors, as it is practiced today. The original ritual was held in August, when family members offered food, water, and tools to assist their deceased relatives in getting through the difficult four-year afterlife journey to Mictlán where they were put out of their misery.

Christianity Rescues the Ghosts

Under European Christianity, this ritual morphed into the somewhat similarly purposed Christian observation of All Souls Day. To the Christians, All Souls Day was introduced in the 10th century for people to pray for their departed friends and relatives stuck in Purgatory. Purgatory was believed to be an afterlife realm for deceased persons who had sinned a little too much to enter the kingdom of heaven directly after death. So prayers on All Souls day were a type of appeal to the divine to reduce the amount of punishment for these souls, and get them released into heaven. And, although this can be seen as a kind of parallel to the original Day of the Dead ritual, there is one principal difference as well.

To the Christians, the afterlife is eternal. To the Aztecs (and earlier Mesoamerican civilizations), life after death was limited. It was believed, following a period of suffering, that existence in any form was terminated – full stop. And this distinction, I think, reflects back on the cultural view of ghosts overall. It seems to me, the ancient Aztec belief system where the endpoint of an afterlife is individual obliteration (ending one’s suffering), any ghost appearing in this earthly realm could only be malevolent. But in all other societies, including Mexico post-conquest, ghosts are seen as far less threatening.

In fact, ghosts in today’s western hemisphere, although generally considered scary, are not thought to be physically harmful. They even make great tourist attractions. And in this light, the story of a welcomed ghost in that Manitoba farmhouse has some degree of cultural believability. To an ancient Aztec though, such a benevolent spirit would be inconceivable. But then again, if this ancient Aztec first visited a modern-day celebration of Día de los Muertos, he or she could probably be convinced.

Storytelling: From Fairy Tales to Magical Realism

By Carole Reedy

If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be more intelligent, read them more fairy tales.
— Albert Einstein

STORIES
“Man is the storytelling animal,” says the master storyteller himself, Sir Salman Rushdie. During a prestigious, nearly half-century career, he has published 12 novels, among which the most famous are Midnight’s Children (1981) and The Satanic Verses (1988). Two children’s books and 13 nonfiction and essay collections complete his writing career thus far. His next innovative storytelling will be Victory City: A Novel, to be published February 9, 2023. It is described as an Indian novel styled as a translation of an ancient epic.

The oral history of storytelling most likely goes back to the Bronze Age, but written stories are the focus of modern man. Writing down stories allows them to become static so that they can be read again and again, and thus relegated to history.

Stories help us to remember, imagine, and solve problems. In addition, they evoke empathy and provide us with many hours of thoughtful enjoyment. All these advantages apply to fairy tales as well as to fine literature.

FAIRY TALES AND MAGICAL REALISM
Fairy tales derive from the folklore of a culture, the first iteration of an oral tradition in the form of a short story. As populations became more literate, however, fairy tales appeared in written form intended for an adult audience. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the enjoyment of fairy tales extended to children.

The first formally published fairy tales were those of Charles Perrault, written in 1697, for an aristocratic French adult readership. Among Perrault’s most famous are “Cinderella,” “Sleeping Beauty,” and “Little Red Riding Hood.” Perrault is often recognized as the creator of the modern fairy tale.

Fairy tales throughout the world vary. Those from Europe have become staples in literature in most countries, especially for children. Besides those of Perrault, you will find the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm, from what is now Germany, and the stories set down by Danish author Hans Christian Anderson.

MEXICAN FAIRY TALES
Mexico’s culture is filled with folklore that translates into colorful fairy tales for children and adults. Here are a few recent ones that will engage children of all ages.

Dreamers, by Yuyi Morales (2018): A New York Times bestseller, also named a Best Book by Kirkus Reviews, this richly illustrated and relevant story is based on Yuyi’s own experience of bringing her son and the gifts of their culture to a new place.

The Princess and the Warrior: A Tale of Two Volcanoes, by Duncan Tonatiuh (2016): Tonatiuh is an award-winning author and illustrator. Here he reinvents one of Mexico’s most cherished tales, that of the two majestic volcanos overlooking Mexico City and Puebla, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl. The love between the princess Izta and the warrior Popoca creates the setting for this famous retold legend.

Also by Sr. Tonatiuh is a migrant’s tale, Pancho Rabbit and the Coyote: A Migrant’s Tale (2013). This illustrated story tells of Pancho, a rabbit who travels with a coyote in search of his father who has crossed the border for work up north. It is an excellent way of increasing children’s understanding of the struggles and hardships of the people who need to cross borders.

Worth mentioning here as an aside is the marvelous children’s book, Danza, also by Duncan Tonatiuh (2017), which relates the story of Mexico’s Folkloric Ballet and its incomparable founder Amalia Hernández.

The Secret Footprints by Julia Alvarez (2000): I must mention this tale even though its origin is Dominican, not Mexican, because Alvarez is a well-known novelist of adult books, most notably How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (2010). In the Time of the Butterflies: A Novel (1994) is a fictionalized account of the four Mirabal sisters (the butterflies), who sought to overthrow El Jefe, the repressive dictator General Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.

The children’s book, The Secret Footprints, is a reinvented legend from Dominican folklore of the ciguapas, creatures who live in the sea with feet that are on backwards so humans cannot follow them. It tells of an encounter between one ciguapa named Guapa and a human boy.

Present Day Fairy Tales
Fairy tales continue to be written for adults today. Edited by Kate Bernheimer and Carmen Giménez Smith, My Mother She Killed Me, My Father He Ate Me: Forty New Fairy Tales (2010) includes work by some of our most distinguished and beloved authors: Joyce Carol Oates, Karen Joy Fowler, Michael Cunningham, and Neil Gaiman, among others. I keep it available on my Kindle to entertain while on trains, planes, and automobiles!

MAGICAL REALISM
Magical realism reminds us of fairy tales with its mixture of dreams, imagination, and perceived reality. Here are some notable authors writing in this style:

Gabriel García Márquez has mastered the art, most notably in his best-selling One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967, English 1970), in which the ghosts and spirits of Colombia’s history abound.

Yann Martel in The Life of Pi (2003) gives us a book about inner strength and creativity seen through animals on a raft in the ocean with the protagonist.

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Present Day Fairy Tales
Fairy tales continue to be written for adults today. Edited by Kate Bernheimer and Carmen Giménez Smith, My Mother She Killed Me, My Father He Ate Me: Forty New Fairy Tales (2010) includes work by some of our most distinguished and beloved authors: Joyce Carol Oates, Karen Joy Fowler, Michael Cunningham, and Neil Gaiman, among others. I keep it available on my Kindle to entertain while on trains, planes, and automobiles!

MAGICAL REALISM
Magical realism reminds us of fairy tales with its mixture of dreams, imagination, and perceived reality. Here are some notable authors writing in this style:

Gabriel García Márquez has mastered the art, most notably in his best-selling One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967, English 1970), in which the ghosts and spirits of Colombia’s history abound.

Yann Martel in The Life of Pi (2003) gives us a book about inner strength and creativity seen through animals on a raft in the ocean with the protagonist.

In his Kafka on the Shore (2002), famed Japanese author Haruki Murakami combines dreams and pop culture.

Chilean Isabel Allende has become one of the most famous Latin American writers. Her most popular work is The House of the Spirits (1986), which follows three generations of a family in which Chilean political history and dictatorship play important roles.

To end – as this article began – with a quote from Sir Salman Rushdie from Midnight’s Children, a novel filled with magically realistic moments:

Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems – but as you approach the present, it inevitably seems more and more incredible.

Jewish Stories

Marcia Chaiken and Jan Chaiken

Have you ever wondered why so many well-known writers, including Nobel Prize winners, are Jewish? From Isaac Asimov through Franz Kafka, Lillian Hellman, Emma Lazarus and J.D. Salinger to Elie Wiesel, to name a few, hundreds of Jewish authors have challenged our imaginations and shaped the course of literature. What is it about being Jewish that stimulates the creative impulse to put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard and pour out captivating tales? One answer may be that Jews are steeped in stories – stories that are thousands or at least hundreds of years old and passed on from generation to generation.

The primary source of these stories is the Hebrew Scriptures, which Christians generally refer to as “the old testament.” Jews refer to the first parts of these scriptures as the Torah, or the five books of Moses. The first book alone includes two creation stories, stories about the first humans, the flood that destroyed everyone except for Noah and his clan, the first generations of Hebrews headed by Abraham and Sarah, then Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and his wives (Leah and Rachel) and his concubines who gave birth to the twelve tribes of Israel. The second book is packed with stories about the Israelites becoming slaves in Egypt, their rescue with the leadership of Moses and his sister Miriam, and Mount Sinai where the ten commandments were received.

The whole collection of Hebrew scriptures is called the Tanakh. Included are the well-known stories of Jonah and the whale, the tragedy of Job, the lovely story of Ruth and her mother-in-law Naomi, the tale of the love between David and Jonathan, the story of brave Queen Esther who saved the Jews in Persia from being killed by the wicked Haman, and scores of other stories less well known among people who aren’t Jewish. Some of these stories are grim and grisly – stuff of which nightmares are made. Others are inspiring, some championing the rights of women. And there are others that are beautiful stories of erotic yearning.

Many Jews are raised on the stories from Tanakh, often from the beginning of their lives – the day they are born. Jewish children usually are given two names; one a popular name in the country in which they are born and the other a Hebrew name borne by a late relative – the latter is generally drawn from the Hebrew Scriptures. The first stories Jewish children generally hear, in addition to The Three Little Pigs and Goldilocks and the Three Bears, are Bible stories about their biblical namesake, the person who bore their name in the Tanakh. The stories become deeply personified. Children named David know they are meant to be musicians and kings. Children named Rebecca love to hear how they were recognized for their kind acts. And little girls named Esther enjoy parading around with a crown acting brave.

Jewish children have been told stories from Tanakh for millennia and given beautifully illustrated books of these stories. The 20th century saw the addition of baby board books and easy reader books with brightly drawn short Bible stories. And stuffed toys such as a Noah’s ark and a little plush replica of a Torah introduce wee ones to stories as they hug them close. Traditionally, at age three Jewish children begin to learn how to read Torah themselves. A piece of honey is placed on the first word to learn; and when the child sucks on the honey while learning to read the letter, the sweet taste of honey becomes synonymous with the sweet taste of learning the stories in Torah.

Stories from Tanakh have for thousands of years stimulated other stories by being embellished. Spin-off stories written by rabbis and scholars have been collected in books called Midrash. Each major character in Tanakh has generated dozens of stories that help flesh out and provide insights into their personalities and motivations for their actions. Abraham is depicted as a child willfully destroying the idols in his home. Sarah is described as one of the most beautiful women in the world even in old age. And Moses as a shepherd, it is told, showed such great compassion for a little lost lamb that he was chosen as the leader to guide the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt.

Many Jewish children learn these elaborated stories along with the Biblical versions. And when they attend Sunday School or Hebrew School classes, they are encouraged to create their own interpretations of these stories. It is common to see preschoolers or those in the earliest grades of primary school proudly bringing home stories they have written about a character in a Torah story – their letters can be irregular, their words misspelled, and their sentences ungrammatical – but just as midrash written millennia ago is prized, so are these early efforts.

Older children and teens are often encouraged to write their own plays or music based on stories from tanakh and midrash. This creativity, continued into adulthood, has produced innumerable TV programs, movies, novels, poetry, and musical scores, not necessarily on Jewish or religious themes.

So, consider how much of current culture, including magazine articles, is founded on children learning stories.